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Dharma Singh Khalsa
Dharma Singh Khalsa MD
Born	20 January 1946 Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
Religion	Sikhism
Spouse(s)	Kirti
Children	Hari (daughter), Sat (son)

Dharma Singh Khalsa is an American physician and medical researcher in the field of Alzheimer's Disease.

Khalsa was born on January 20, 1946 in Cleveland, Ohio and grew up in Miami Beach, Florida. He is a graduate ofCreighton University School of Medicine in Omaha, Nebraska. Dr. Khalsa received his training in Anesthesiology at theUniversity of California, San Francisco, where he was Chief Resident. He is also a graduate of the University of California, Los Angeles Medical Acupuncture for Physicians Program and has studied mind/body medicine at Harvard Medical School's Mind/Body Medical Institute.

In 1978 he started practicing Kundalini Yoga with Yogi Bhajan, and in 1981 he embraced the Sikh lifestyle, complete with full beard, turban, and the Sikh name he has used ever since. (Khalsa and Stauth, p. xviii.)

Dharma Singh Khalsa grew up with asthma. An uncle, an esteemed cardiologist, prescribed a series of breathing exercises for him which helped immensely. Even so, his lungs remained weak, and he was prone to bronchitis and even bronchial spasm in his early adulthood. When, however, he began to practice Kundalini Yoga with a strong focus on breathing exercises, his vulnerability to lung problems ended. (Khalsa and Stauth, p. 214.)

In 1987, Dr. Khalsa established the first holistic pain program in the Southwestern United States at Lovelace Medical Center in Albuquerque, New Mexico. In 1990, he was recruited to become the founding director of the Acupuncture, Stress Medicine, and Chronic Pain Program at the University of Arizona, College of Medicine's teaching hospital in Phoenix, Arizona. In this position, he became the first director of acupuncture in an American medical school.

Since 1993, Dr. Khalsa has been the President and Medical Director of the Alzheimer's Research and Prevention Foundation in Tucson, Arizona, the original voice in the integrative medical approach to the prevention and treatment of memory loss.

In 2003, Dharma Singh Khalsa, M.D. testified before Congress about his pioneering work in the area of lifestyle influence on Alzheimer's disease, and called on Congress to fund a national education and outreach campaign designed to inform the public of the benefits of an integrative medical approach to Alzheimer's. After his testimony, Dr. Khalsa received the support of U.S. Surgeon General Richard H. Carmona, M.D.

Dr. Dharma Singh Khalsa has participated in a number of studies focussed on the capacity for meditation to restore and enhance brain metabolism and cerebral function. Most of his research has used the meditation known as Kirtan Kriya, originally taught by Yogi Bhajan. Dr. Khalsa's research continues.

Nuclear Medicine Communications published a study of Dr Khalsa's (December 2009) on "Cerebral blood flow changes during chanting meditation." [1]

Dr. Khalsa recently took part in a similar study at the University of Pennsylvania, published in the Journal of Alzheimer's Disease (Volume 20:2. April 2010).[2]

In December 2010, the Journal of Consciousness and Cognition published a study Dr. Khalsa participated in on "Cerebral blood flow differences between long-term meditators and non-meditators."[3]

Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging (Volume 191: Issue 1, 30 January 2011) published another collaborative study in which Dr. Khalsa participated on "Cerebral blood flow changes associated with different meditation practices and perceived depth of meditation."[4]

In January 2012, the Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine (Volume 18, Issue 1) published Dr. Dharma's collaborative research on "Effects of an 8-week meditation program on mood and anxiety in patients with memory loss."[5]

Aging Health (October 2012, Vol. 8, No. 5) published a collaborative study of Dr. Khalsa: "A pilot study of the effects of meditation on regional brain metabolism in distressed dementia caregivers."[6]

In March 2013, the journal Psychoneuroendocrinology (Volume 38, Issue 3) published research of Dr. Khalsa's entitled "Yogic meditation reverses NF-kB and IRF-related transcriptome dynamics of leukocytes of family dementia caregivers in a randomized control trial."[7]

Dr. Khalsa has written widely on a wide range of health and healing issues. His book Brain Longevity (Warner Books, 1997) is the original work of its kind to be written for the general public, and has been translated into twelve languages. Dr. Khalsa has also authored six other books for the general public, as well as several medical textbook chapters, including one for Harvard Medical School and one for the University of Arizona.

Dharma Singh Khalsa, M.D. currently lives in Tucson, Arizona with his Italian wife, Kirti. He has a son, Sat Kartar, a holistic chef, married to Chilean KamalCharan Kaur, and a grandson, Simranpreet Singh Khalsa. Dr. Khalsa's daughter Hari is an accomplished massage therapist, trained in Thailand.

• Dr. Dharma Singh Khalsa's site
• The site of the Alzheimer's Research and Prevention Foundation
• The Brain Longevity site

• Brain Longevity: The Breakthrough Program that Improves Your Mind and Memory (Warner Books, 1999)
• The Pain Cure: The Proven Medical Program That Helps End Your Chronic Pain (Warner Books, 2000)
• Meditation as Medicine: Activate the Power of Your Natural Healing Force (Simon & Schuster, 2001)
• Food as Medicine: How to Use Diet, Vitamins, Juices, and Herbs for a Healthier, Happier, and Longer Life (Atrium Books, 2003)
• The Better Memory Kit: 7 Days to a Better Memory (Hay House, 2004)
• The New Golden Rules: An Essential Guide to Spiritual Bliss (Hay House, 2005)
• The End of Karma: 40 Days to Perfect Peace, Tranquility and Joy (Hay House, 2005)
• From Darkness to Light: Healing Early Life Stress (self-published)
• Sleepy Time Nice (self-published)
• The Memory Magnet: Dead Brain Cells Don't Die (self-published)

• Wake Up To Wellness CD/DVD
• Boost Your Brain Power CD/DVD
• Here Comes The Sun DVD
• Sleepy Time Nice DVD
• Love is Within You (pop music) CD

• "Profile," Life Extension Magazine, March 2004. [1]
• Kathleeen Doheeny, "Can Meditation Reverse Memory Loss?" Web MD. March 3, 2010. [2]
• "How Food Affects Your Genes" Total Health Magazine. August 24, 2012. [3]
• Alvaro Fernandez, "Dharma Singh Khalsa: Why are yoga and meditation often overlooked for healthy brain aging?" Sharp Brains. August 8, 2013. [4]
• Gail Harris, Body and Soul, PBS. "Aging Well: Memory and Movement" [5]
• Daniel Redwood, "Brain Longevity: Interview with Dharma Singh Khalsa MD" healthy.net [6]
• Amy Weintraub, Yoga Journal, "Talking Shop with Dharma Singh Khalsa, M.D." [7]

Successful Ager

Successful aging (American English) or successful ageing (British English) refers to physical, mental and social well-being in older age. The concept of successful aging can be traced back to the 1950s, and was popularized in the 1980s. It reflects changing view on aging in Western countries, where a stigma associated with old age (see ageism) has led to considering older people as a burden on society. Consequently, in the past most of the scientists have been focusing on negative aspects of aging or preventing the decline of youth. 

Research on successful aging, however, acknowledges the fact that there is a growing number of older adults functioning at a high level and contributing to the society. Scientists working in this area seek to define what differentiates successful from usual aging in order to design effective strategies and medical interventions to protect health and well-being from aging.    Researchers in ageing studies are critical of the very term 'successful ageing' as it implies failure on the part of those who do not meet arbitrary criteria derived from neoliberal and/or biomedical definitions. 

Old People, old postcard

Elderly Gambian woman's face

Recent studies emphasize the importance of adaptation and emotional well-being in successful aging. New data suggests that for most senior citizens, subjective quality of life is more important than the absence of disease and other objective measures relating to physical and mental health. In two recent studies the vast majority of older people rated themselves as aging successfully, even when they did not meet all objective physical and mental criteria for successful aging.   Studies which incorporated the perspectives of older adults into the model of successful aging found that optimism, effective coping styles, and social and community involvement are more important to aging successfully than traditional measures of health and wellness. Additionally, recent studies have shown that for most senior citizens, subjective quality of life is strongly tied with psychosocial protective traits such as resilience, optimism, and mental and emotional status.    

To date, there has not been a universal definition for successful aging  While researchers have for many years tried to create such a definition, nothing really took hold until the late 1990's. At that time the following definition (adopted by researchers Rowe & Kahn) started to become the operative standard: A person was deemed to have successfully aged if the person (1) lived free of disability or disease; (2) had high cognitive and physical abilities; and (3) was interacting with others in meaningful ways  This definition was followed for a significant period of time, but, in the last ten years, its usefulness started to be questioned. 

Initially, researchers, questioned the first listed criteria—living free of disability or disease. Although disease was decreasing,   this factor was viewed as too restrictive. For older adults, life was no longer based on ego or endeavors. Life was different. Erickson referred to this stage of life as "Integrity," when a person comes to terms with the meaning of life.  It was found that people adjusted to their respective ailments or diseases and gained a resiliency which allowed them to function in productive ways. This has been true for both physical and mental health.  The term "successful adaptation" had become synonymous with successful aging.  The key for older adults has been to effectively manage their chronic illnesses or disorders, whether physical or mental. They, to a large extent, do so through the use of "resiliency."   Even if a person had some physical restrictions, such a people could still lead a very productive life. Further, research found that more and more older people retained their physical abilities through exercise, among other health related factors.  With respect to mental health, studies have shown that depression and strain can be as detrimental as poor physical health. 

Next, the concept of high cognitive functioning was further analyzed. While it was widely acknowledged that some of a person's cognitive ability decreases after age 65,  two factors exist that mitigate against the effects of the decrease. First, most older adults maintain enough cognitive ability to retain their ability to function well.   To successfully age, a person must retain sufficient cognitive abilities, which include not only neuropsychological domains, such as memory and executive function, but also must retain cognitive schemas. While a older person may lose some processing speed, attention, concentration, and memory performance, such person's "crystallized intelligence," which covers previous verbal learning and a general fund of knowledge, remains fairly stable during a person's full lifetime.  This level of retention while far from perfect, has been sufficient for many older adults to thrive during their retirement years. Second, researchers introduced a new concept—namely, "cognitive reserve" (see below) which supports the proposition that the brain can still grow and expand with older people. 

The last factor—meaningful interaction with others—has been widely accepted (i.e. social interaction is at the heart of human existence).  But, the level of importance of this factor has increased.  In addition, its importance has been reinforced by studies relating to "loneliness." In these studies, researchers have established that loneliness creates a significant risk factor for the decline in physical activities—a negative sign with respect to successful aging.  Further, the studies analyzing "cognitive reserve"—see below—have also supported this conclusion. Researchers have found that the richer the environment in which a person experiences life, the more the brain changes structurally.  Our social interactions can be viewed in a variety of ways. First, a person's social network, including, spouse, families, friends, etc., can be analyzed.  We can also view social interaction based on quality and quantity of interactions. Many researchers believed that quality has been most important.  People need others for support and encouragement, as well as for feeling good about themselves.

A person's ability to interact with others has been consistently viewed as vitally important to successful aging.  While the network size for older people decreases with age,  the overall quality of the remaining social connections becomes stronger.  When a person lacks such interaction, he/she will very well feel "loneliness," which has been viewed as one of the primary factors preventing a person from achieving successful aging.  Individuals utilize social networks for two primary reasons: to receive emotional support and to enhance engagements with others. However, an increase or decrease in social engagement, but not in social support, over a period of years, has the greatest effect on a person's quality of life and such person's ability to successfully age.  Many researchers have believed that social relationships have become the single most important factor in measuring a person's psychological well-being or happiness. 

Most researchers have measured whether a person has successfully aged by assessing (primarily through the use of self-reports) whether the effect of relevant factors (such as the factors referred to above) created a significant increase in "subjective well-being, "life satisfaction," and "happiness."   These terms have been used, in many cases, interchangeably. Specifically, for example, studies have shown that people who have been "happier" throughout their lives, live longer. 

Although many older adults experience some level of deterioration in their cognitive abilities,  new research has found that some older adults are better able to adapt to these potential changes through the application of a concept called "cognitive reserve."   Underlying this concept is the observation that the extent of brain pathology or brain damage does not correlate to clinical manifestations of a disease. In other words, cognitive reserve develops the ability to use alternative cognitive strategies in order to maximize or optimize performance on cognitive tasks.   In essence, the relationship between neuropathology and clinical symptoms is not necessarily proportional.  So, how does this work? Researchers have believed that the greater the education level achieved, the more neuropathology is necessary before clinical symptoms are experienced.  Further, some researchers have believed also that academic achievement (rather than just education) is a very important factor. Others have concluded that frequent cognitive activity (such as playing chess or visiting a library) is also associated with creating a reduced risk for dementia.  Still others, however, have focused on the level of social engagement (measured by size of a person's social network) -- as a main factor that creates such disparities.  When "cognitive reserve" exists, a person's executive function is enhanced.  Through this mechanism, a person is able to think with a greater amount of flexibility and function adaptively to novel environments. For normative and preclinical person's, cognitive training can be extremely instrumental in a person's ability to successfully age.

A number of studies indicate that there are genetic influences on successful aging - beyond those that influence longevity alone. Evidence suggests that successful aging is a multifactorial trait influenced by numerous genes and environmental factors, each making a small contribution to the phenotype. Specifically, genes such as APOE, GSTT1, IL6, IL10, PON1, and SIRT3 may to have individual effects on the likelihood of aging successfully. Additionally, the genes contributing to successful aging can be grouped in several main categories (ontologies):

• Genes involved in the maintenance of cholesterol, lipid or lipoprotein levels. Their ability to metabolize and transport molecules such as cholesterol relates to cardiovascular health, which could directly influence physical activity levels and longevity.
• Genes related to cytokines, which influence inflammation and immune responses. These genes could influence successful aging by regulating cellular senescence, determining susceptibility to age-related cancers, or other mechanisms.
• Genes involved in drug metabolism and insulin signaling.
• Genes related to age-associated pathological processes (e.g., Alzheimer’s disease.)

Recently, successful aging has been also linked to expression levels of genes and length of chromosomal telomeres. 

Telomere

In has been found that mental and psychosocial functioning often improve with age, even if physical health, and some elements of memory decline. Physicians, psychologists and gerontologists argue that age-related wisdom might serve to compensate for the biological losses in old age, thereby enabling older adults to better utilize their remaining resources and age successfully. Age-associated wisdom may help to overcome the negative effects of diseases and stressors that are common in late life and lead to improved mental health and psychosocial functioning. Neurological research has demonstrated that brain growth and development continue into old age – the concept known as neuroplasticity of aging. 

The idea of successful aging is a social construct which aids in our acceptance of the apparent inevitability and pain associated with the aging process. As successful aging tends to be more dependent on behavior, attitude and environment than on hereditary traits, researchers and clinicians are developing strategies to enhance aging well. Current strategies include restricting calories intake, exercising, quitting smoking and substance use, obtaining appropriate health care, and eating healthy. Seeking help for mental illnesses such as depression is critical, as these conditions interfere with nearly all determinants of successful aging.

The notion of successful ageing, a term used in global health and the knowledge-making areas related to ageing (mainly gerontology, the caring professions, and organizations such as WHO), is based on liberal ideas favoring individualistic principles of choice over processes of social constraint.  A neo-liberal and entrepreneurial vision of aging, inspired by gerontological ideals about active and successful lifestyles, has entered the health and retirement fields, with practical and policy consequences.  This governmental rationality maximizes individual responsibility in order to minimize dependency in Western countries. In this context, successful ageing depends on an individualistic set of practices determined by predictors around smoking, diet, and exercise. While claims of choice and experimentation have opened new avenues of self-definition, such ideals can diminish the more genuine struggles to live successfully   and obscure social inequalities. Stephen Katz reminds us that "lifestyle" (a concept informing the notion of successful ageing) was first positioned by social theorists in a myriad of life chances, status hierarchies and social contexts.  For example, falls are assumed to happen to people who lack some physical control. Prevention programs therefore advocate « active ageing », individual behavioral changes such as exercise regimes (and residential modifications like better lighting). These strategies do not take into account social differences like class and gender, and also require adequate resources. For example, it seems that women fall more often and suffer more fracture-related falls than do men. These falls take place in a context where femininity is culturally coded as more frail and vulnerable than masculinity and where physical strength in women is not encouraged.  Other gendered factors may be causing their falls, such as their greater use of psychotropic drugs, and not their lack of physical strength.  Policies often sustain and reinforce cultural constructs, such as "frailty", and therefore shape experiences. Such cultural constructions of gender and age, the global economic rationale of cost restriction and the biomedical focus on ageing collide as inscriptions on the bodies of older women. 

• Aging
• Ageism
• Gerontology
• Life expectancy
• Longevity
• Psychiatry
• Geriatric Psychiatry
• Supercentenarian